DRAFT checksum component

[joe-redpanda]

Backports Required

• [ ] none - not a bug fix
• [ ] none - this is a backport
• [ ] none - issue does not exist in previous branches
• [ ] none - papercut/not impactful enough to backport
• [ ] v25.1.x
• [ ] v24.3.x
• [ ] v24.2.x

Release Notes

• none

Bug Fixes

• none

Features

• Adds a state machine consistency check where a partition's leader may periodically dispatch checksums of its state machines. This will be configurable by a checksum duration cadence and a checksum batch cadence

Improvements

• This improves logging in the case of log corruption, where if a log corruption results in state machine drift, it will be logged within a reasonable time frame.

[CLAassistant]

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