Use `--build-arg` to specify versions during the build process

[RA80533]

• https://github.com/microsoft/codeql-container/blob/d0e531a4b7db837e7e92e8d611b1226eb45ef861/Dockerfile#L58
• https://github.com/microsoft/codeql-container/blob/d0e531a4b7db837e7e92e8d611b1226eb45ef861/Dockerfile#L65-L66
• https://github.com/microsoft/codeql-container/blob/d0e531a4b7db837e7e92e8d611b1226eb45ef861/Dockerfile#L67-L68
• https://github.com/microsoft/codeql-container/blob/d0e531a4b7db837e7e92e8d611b1226eb45ef861/Dockerfile#L70-L73

These occurrences can be updated to vastly improve the idempotence of building the Docker image. Right now, running docker build produces different images based on when the command is run. It could change quite a bit over the course of a week.

[jacobmsft]

Good point. I'll put this in the backlog, alternatively, I'll be happy to accept a pull request.