Update major dependencies from file

[thampiotr]

PR Description

This PR performs a major dependency update, bringing most of Alloy's dependencies closer to their latest versions. Key updates include:

• OpenTelemetry Collector Core & Contrib: All modules updated to v1.45.0/v0.139.0.
• Prometheus client libraries: common updated to v0.67.2.
• Beyla: Updated to v2.7.6.
• OBI fork: Updated to v1.3.7.
• eBPF profiler fork: Updated to v0.0.202545.

This update involved significant code changes to adapt to breaking API changes in upstream dependencies, particularly:

• configopaque.MapList type changes in HTTP client/server configurations.
• pdata/pprofile API changes, requiring updates to the pyroscope eBPF reporter.
• Removal of old pdata version pinning and slim proto replace directives.

Which issue(s) this PR fixes

Notes to the Reviewer

This PR represents approximately 90% of the planned major dependency update. Two known issues remain that require further investigation due to significant upstream API restructuring:

1. Pyroscope eBPF FileObserver: The FileObserver field was removed from controller.Config in ebpf-profiler v0.0.202545. References to it have been commented out.
2. OTel Converter Telemetry Config: The configtelemetry.Config type and TracesConfig were removed, and telemetry is now part of component.Config. Related conversion functions have been commented out.

A detailed tracking document, /workspace/deps-update-2025-11-14.md, has been created with a comprehensive list of changes, remaining issues, and next steps.

PR Checklist

• [ ] CHANGELOG.md updated
• [x] Documentation added
• [x] Tests updated
• [x] Config converters updated

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