C++: Reduce FPs in cpp/wrong-type-format-argument due to extraction errors

[calumgrant]

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Fixes false positives cause by buildless extraction. Commit-by-commit review recommended.

Removes 1008 false positives in the asterisk/asterisk projects as observed on codeql-qa.

Pull Request checklist

All query authors

• [x] A change note is added if necessary. See the documentation in this repository.
• [ ] All new queries have appropriate .qhelp. See the documentation in this repository.
• [x] QL tests are added if necessary. See Testing custom queries in the GitHub documentation.
• [ ] New and changed queries have correct query metadata. See the documentation in this repository.

Internal query authors only

• [ ] Autofixes generated based on these changes are valid, only needed if this PR makes significant changes to .ql, .qll, or .qhelp files. See the documentation (internal access required).
• [x] Changes are validated at scale (internal access required).
• [ ] Adding a new query? Consider also adding the query to autofix.

[calumgrant]

Will re-run DCA after current changes.