Update C++ standard to C++17

[jonsimantov]

Description

Provide details of the change, and generalize the change in the PR title above.

Update CMAKE_CXX_STANDARD to 17, which applies to all platforms.

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Testing

Describe how you've tested these changes. Link any manually triggered Integration tests or CPP binary SDK Packaging Github Action workflows, if applicable.

Running integration tests and packaging.

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Type of Change

Place an x the applicable box:

• [ ] Bug fix. Add the issue # below if applicable.
• [ ] New feature. A non-breaking change which adds functionality.
• [X] Other, such as a build process or documentation change.

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Notes

• Bug fixes and feature changes require an update to the Release Notes section of release_build_files/readme.md.
• Read the contribution guidelines CONTRIBUTING.md.
• Changes to the public API require an internal API review. If you'd like to help us make Firebase APIs better, please propose your change in a feature request so that we can discuss it together.