Add basic Debian packaging

[joshuaboniface]

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Description

Adds a basic Debian package as requested in the install page. From my quick tests this should cover everything but I'm not 100% sure if every dependency is explicitly defined yet (my system did have a lot of packages pre-installed), a quick review of that would be appreciated.

There's also some changes that should be made but I wanted to propose this first and then ask what the values should be after. Please see the forthcoming review comments below for the specifics.

Checklist

• [ ] I've added this contribution to the CHANGELOG.md file.