Update CMake configuration and dependencies

[vschwaberow]

Based on the X discussion about tooling, this PR updates the CMake configuration to make it compile again:

• Bump minimum CMake version to the latest stable release.
• Set C++ standard to C++23 for modern features.
• Disable warnings-as-errors by default to prevent build failures.
• Update all dependencies to their latest versions.
• Refactor argument handling to remove dependency on external module.
• Comment out warnings-as-errors in project options and clang-tidy config for smoother builds.

Please review and let me know any feedback!