feat(ci): Run a quicker `clang-tidy` for verification in the CI automatically

[whisperity]

Some checks are implemented in Clang-Tidy that can be used to verify style-like requirements that pure syntax-based systems, such as Clang-Format is not capable of.

Adds a new CI job using the CodeChecker action that runs only these verification checkers (and thus quicker than the full-blown static analysis workflow) and explicitly breaks the build if the style things do not match.

(Due to technical reasons with Clang-Tidy configuration, unfortunately, some minor duplication needs to be done between .clang-tidy and the CodeChecker config file.)

supersedes #963

[whisperity]

You can see an example execution of the "Checks" workflow here: https://github.com/whisperity/Contour/actions/runs/4145252988/jobs/7169368342

The ways of how it is triggered is a bit weird.

[christianparpart]

@whisperity oopsi. there's a merce conflict in src/.clang-tidy :)

[Yaraslaut]

I close it, we have github action for clang-tidy now