Update Rust and convert to Alpine

[mandreko-bitwarden]

🎟️ Tracking

https://bitwarden.atlassian.net/browse/VULN-234

📔 Objective

The Rust image was outdated (1.81 versus current 1.86). The image was updated to reduce vulnerabilities. Additionally, it was moved from debian12 to alpine3.21, which has a significant less number of vulnerabilities as a base image, as well as not requiring the dependencies to be identified with ldd and copied to app stage.

⏰ Reminders before review

• Contributor guidelines followed
• All formatters and local linters executed and passed
• Written new unit and / or integration tests where applicable
• Protected functional changes with optionality (feature flags)
• Used internationalization (i18n) for all UI strings
• CI builds passed
• Communicated to DevOps any deployment requirements
• Updated any necessary documentation (Confluence, contributing docs) or informed the documentation team

🦮 Reviewer guidelines

• 👍 (:+1:) or similar for great changes
• 📝 (:memo:) or ℹ️ (:information_source:) for notes or general info
• ❓ (:question:) for questions
• 🤔 (:thinking:) or 💭 (:thought_balloon:) for more open inquiry that's not quite a confirmed issue and could potentially benefit from discussion
• 🎨 (:art:) for suggestions / improvements
• ❌ (:x:) or ⚠️ (:warning:) for more significant problems or concerns needing attention
• 🌱 (:seedling:) or ♻️ (:recycle:) for future improvements or indications of technical debt
• ⛏ (:pick:) for minor or nitpick changes

[sonarqubecloud[bot]]

Quality Gate passed

Issues
0 New issues
0 Accepted issues

Measures
0 Security Hotspots
No data about Coverage
0.0% Duplication on New Code

See analysis details on SonarQube Cloud

[codecov[bot]]

Codecov Report

All modified and coverable lines are covered by tests :white_check_mark:

Project coverage is 10.17%. Comparing base (81dc653) to head (8e25f7a).

Additional details and impacted files

@@           Coverage Diff           @@
##             main    #1228   +/-   ##
=======================================
  Coverage   10.17%   10.17%           
=======================================
  Files          19       19           
  Lines        1101     1101           
=======================================
  Hits          112      112           
  Misses        989      989           

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