Enhancements to Caesar Cipher Implementation - CaesarCipher.js

[AlexTodorov11]

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Describe your change:

Improves the existing Caesar Cipher implementation to make it more robust, future-proof, and flexible. Key improvements include handling edge cases, optimizing performance, and adding support for custom alphabets. These changes enhance both the functionality and maintainability of the code.

• The function now accepts an optional alphabet parameter, allowing encryption with custom alphabets (e.g., different languages).
• Rotations are now optimized to handle values greater than the alphabet length by using rotation % alphabetLength.
• Non-alphabetic characters (numbers, symbols, etc.) are explicitly left unchanged in the encrypted output.
• The function throws appropriate errors for invalid input types (e.g., non-string, negative rotations) and gracefully handles empty strings.
• The function maintains the case of letters, ensuring that uppercase letters remain uppercase after encryption.
• The cipher map is now generated only once per function call, reducing overhead for large strings.

Additional Changes:

• Improved code readability with clearer logic and added comments for better maintainability.
• Added input validation to ensure rotation is a non-negative integer.

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Checklist:

• [x] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• [x] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• [x] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• [x] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• [x] All new JavaScript files are placed inside an existing directory.
• [x] All filenames should use the UpperCamelCase (PascalCase) style. There should be no spaces in filenames. Example:UserProfile.js is allowed but userprofile.js,Userprofile.js,user-Profile.js,userProfile.js are not
• [x] All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• [x] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}.