feat: add sentinel search algorithm

[hasanalkaf3]

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Describe your change:

• [ ✅ ] Add an algorithm?
• [ ] Fix a bug or typo in an existing algorithm?
• [ ] Documentation change?

Checklist:

• [ ✅ ] I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
• [ ✅ ] This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
• [ ✅ ] I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
• [ ✅ ] This PR only changes one algorithm file. To ease review, please open separate PRs for separate algorithms.
• [ ✅ ] All new JavaScript files are placed inside an existing directory.
• [ ✅ ] All filenames should use the UpperCamelCase (PascalCase) style. There should be no spaces in filenames. Example:UserProfile.js is allowed but userprofile.js,Userprofile.js,user-Profile.js,userProfile.js are not
• [ ✅ ] All new algorithms have a URL in their comments that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.
• [ ✅ ] If this pull request resolves one or more open issues then the commit message contains Fixes: #{$ISSUE_NO}.